Tarocchi to Tarot

A History of Card Reading

History of Tarocchi to Tarot

Archival Sources & Literature Reference Registry

The following academic registry lists the historical manuscripts, guild manifests, and literary compositions utilized to build the historical curriculum across this platform:

Main Page

Image generated via Gemini (by Google) on October 9, 2026, using the custom prompt: "An archival history mapping the development of the Tarot deck, beginning as a 15th-century Italian parlor game, shifting into global frameworks for psychoanalysis, and establishing the visual training data for Large Language Models today.

Chapter 1 Origins of Playing Cards

  1. Needham, Joseph. Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Part 1, Paper and Printing. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd., 1986.
  2. Lo, Andrew. "The Game of Leaves: An Inquiry into the Origins of Chinese Playing Cards." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 63, no. 3 (2000): 389–406.
  3. Mayer, Leo Ary. Mamluk Playing Cards. Edited by Richard Ettinghausen and Otto Kurz. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1971.
  4. Dummett, Michael. The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1980.
  5. Depaulis, Thierry. "The 'Tarot de Marseille' – Facts and Fallacies." The Playing-Card: Journal of the International Playing-Card Society 42, no. 1 (2013): 23–43.
  6. Berti, Giordano. Le Carte di Corte: Gioco e Magia alla Corte degli Estensi. Bologna: Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987.
  7. Moakley, Gertrude. The Tarot Cards Painted by Bonifacio Bembo for the Visconti-Sforza Family: An Iconographic and Historical Study. New York: New York Public Library, 1966.
  8. Bibliothèque nationale de France. "The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs: Miniature Illuminations on Parchment (Ms. fr. 594)." Manuscript Department Archives. Paris: Gallica Repository Index, 2011.
  9. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Edited by E. Talbot Donaldson. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1975.
  10. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.
  11. Nichols, Sallie. Jung and Tarot: An Archetypal Journey. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, Inc., 1980.
  12. Berti, Giordano. Le Carte di Corte: Gioco e Magia alla Corte degli Estensi. Bologna: Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987.
  13. Moakley, Gertrude. The Tarot Cards Painted by Bonifacio Bembo for the Visconti-Sforza Family: An Iconographic and Historical Study. New York: New York Public Library, 1966.
  14. Bibliothèque nationale de France. "The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs: Miniature Illuminations on Parchment (Ms. fr. 594)." Manuscript Department Archives. Paris: Gallica Repository Index, 2011.
  15. Chaucer, Geoffrey. The Canterbury Tales. Edited by E. Talbot Donaldson. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1975.
  16. Campbell, Joseph. The Hero with a Thousand Faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949.
  17. Nichols, Sallie. Jung and Tarot: An Archetypal Journey. York Beach, ME: Samuel Weiser, Inc., 1980.
  18. Pomeran, Troilo. I Triomphi de Troilo Pomeran da Cittadela composti sopra li terrocchi in laude delle famose gentil donne di Vinegia. Venice: Per Giovanni Antonio di Nicolini da Sabio, 1534.
  19. Berti, Giordano. Le Carte di Corte: Gioco e Magia alla Corte degli Estensi. Bologna: Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987.
  20. Dummett, Michael. Il Mondo e l’Angelo: I Tarocchi tra Storia e Archetipo. Naples: Bibliopolis, 1993.

Chapter 1 Origins of Playing Cards Images

  1. 01-chinese-woodcut-playing-card.webp: "Ming Dynasty playing card, c. 1400" by Anonymous. Source: Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1 (1986). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. 02-water-margin-card.png: "Shandong Weifang Yangjiabu Water Margin Card" by Outlookxp. CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. 03-silk-road.webp: "The extent of the Silk Route" by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (Derivative work by Splette/HighInBC). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. 04-mamluk-kanjifah-cards.png: "16th-century Mamluk playing cards (kanjifah)" by Countakeshi. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. 05-15th-century-italian-playing-cards.webp: "Sheet of Twenty Playing Cards and Tarot Trumps (c.1500)" by Unknown Artist. Source: Cary Collection, Beinecke Library, Yale University. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. 06-triumphs-love-chastity-death.webp: "The Triumphs of Love, Chastity and Death (c. 1450)" by Francesco Pesellino (Tempera and gold on panel cassone). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. 07-triumphs-fame-time-eternity.webp: "The Triumphs of Fame, Time and Eternity (c. 1450)" by Francesco Pesellino (Tempera and gold on panel cassone). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. 08-petrarch-love.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Love (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. 09-Petrarch-chastity.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Chastity (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. 10-petrarch-death.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Death (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. 11-petrarch-fame.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Fame (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. 12-petrarch-time.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Time (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. 13-petrarch-eternity.webp: "Two-page illustration of Petrarch's Triumph of Eternity (Early 16th century)" by The Master of Petrarch's Triumphs. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France, Fr.594. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. 14-ellesmere-knight.webp: "The Knight" in the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (c. 1400) by Anonymous. Source: Huntington Library, EL 26 C 9. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. 15-ellesmere-prioress.webp: "The Prioress" in the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (c. 1400) by Anonymous (Derivative work by Toby1). Source: Huntington Library, EL 26 C 9. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. 16-ellesmere-wife.webp: "The Wife of Bath" in the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (c. 1400) by Anonymous. Source: Huntington Library, EL 26 C 9. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. 17-ellesmere-parson.webp: "The Parson" in the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (c. 1400) by Anonymous. Source: Huntington Library, EL 26 C 9. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. 18-ellesmere-pardoner.webp: "The Pardoner" in the Ellesmere manuscript of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales (c. 1400) by Anonymous. Source: Huntington Library, EL 26 C 9. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  19. parmigianino-portrait.webp: "Portrait of a Man Reading a Book (c. 1524)" by Parmigianino. Photographer: York Museums Trust Staff. Collection: York Art Gallery. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.

Chapter 2: Anatomy and Production of Tarocchi

  1. Berti, Giordano. "History of Sola-Busca Tarot." Sola-Busca Tarot Mayer limited study edition archives, 2013.
  2. Willshire, William Hughes. A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and Other Cards in the British Museum. London: Chiswick Press, 1876.
  3. Dummett, Michael, and Sylvia Mann. The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1980.
  4. Depaulis, Thierry. The Cardmakers of Alsace. International Playing-Card Society (IPCS) Special Sheets Series, 2023.
  5. Chatto, William Andrew. Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards. London: John Russell Smith, 1848.
  6. Chatto, William Andrew. Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards. London: John Russell Smith, 1848.
  7. Depaulis, Thierry. The Cardmakers of Alsace: An 'Ecumenical' Tarot. International Playing-Card Society (IPCS) Special Pattern Series Monograph, 2023.
  8. Dummett, Michael, and Sylvia Mann. The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1980.
  9. Dummett, Michael. Il Mondo e l’Angelo: I Tarocchi tra Storia e Archetipo. Naples: Bibliopolis, 1993.
  10. Berti, Giordano. Le Carte di Court: Gioco e Magia alla Corte degli Estensi. Bologna: Nuova Alfa Editoriale, 1987.
  11. Berti, Giordano. "Tarot of Besançon of Josef Rauch Miller." Tarot in German Countries from the 16th to the 18th Century. Quarto Inferiore: OM Edizioni, 2018: 23–25.
  12. Solerti, Angelo. "Tarocchi di Matteo Maria Boiardo." Le Poesie Volgari e Latine di Matteo Maria Boiardo. Bologna: Romagnoli–Dall'Aqua, 1894.
  13. Metropolitan Museum of Art. "Tarocchi Cards (c. 1500 Woodcut Sheet Fragment)." Drawings and Prints Department, Accession Number 26.101.5. New York: Harris Brisbane Dick Fund Index, 1926.
  14. National Gallery of Art. "Italian 15th Century, Playing Cards (Woodcut Sheet Print)." Rosenwald Collection, Accession Number 1951.16.6. Washington, D.C.: NGA Open Access Archive, 2019.
  15. Bibliothèque nationale de France. "Jeu de tarot français à deux têtes dit 'tarot nouveau' (Paul Grimaud, 1898)." Département Estampes et photographie, Accession RESERVE BOITE FOL-KH-167. Paris: Gallica Digital Repository, 2014.
  16. Willshire, William Hughes. A Descriptive Catalogue of Playing and Other Cards in the British Museum. London: Printed by Order of the Trustees / Chiswick Press, 1876.

Chapter 2: Anatomy and Production of Tarocchi Images

  1. sforza-three.webp: Reproduction of three cards from the Pierpont-Morgan Bergamo Visconti-Sforza Deck by Bonifacio Bembo. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. tarocchi-cards.webp: "Tarocchi Cards" (c. 1500 woodcut with pochoir) by Anonymous. Harris Brisbane Dick Fund, 1926. Collection: Metropolitan Museum of Art (Accession: 26.101.5). CC0 via Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  3. imperial-bower.webp: "The earliest Joker card" (c. 1863) by Samuel Hart. Provided by the World Web Playing Card Museum. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. jolly-nero.webp: Vintage British card illustration (c. 1870s–1890s) by Charles Goodall & Son. Uploaded by Trocche100. Public Domain via Italian Wikipedia.
  5. missing-knight.webp: 16th-century Polish playing cards by Anonymous. Source: Łukasz Gołębiowski, Gry i zabawy (Warszawa, 1831). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. king-queen-knight.webp: Spanish Deck of Cards (1495-1518) by Anonymous. Source: Leo S. Olschki, La Bibliofilia (Firenze: Giuseppe Boffito, 1906). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. batons-coins.webp: Viéville's Tarot (c. 1650) uploaded by PATLECOQ. CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. diamonds-hearts-clubs-spades.webp: Diagram from Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards (1848) by William Andrew Chatto. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. luxury-decks.webp: Sola Busca Tarot Trump Suit Details (late 15th century). Historical Text Summary via Wikipedia.
  10. woodblock-decks.webp: "Italian 15th Century Playing Cards" (NGA 41320). CC0 via National Gallery of Art.
  11. ste-bern-preach.webp: "St. Bernardino Preaching" by Francesco di Giorgio. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. tarocco-bolognese.webp: Photo of select cards from a Tarocco Bolognese deck by Dal Negro, photographed by Countakeshi. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. prince-fibbia.webp: Portrait of Prince Francesco Antelminelli Castracani Fibbia (1360-1419) with a Tarocchino Bolognese deck by Unknown Artist. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  14. tarocco-siciliano.webp: Photo of select cards from a Modiano Tarocco Siciliano deck by Countakeshi. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. tarokk-game.webp: "A történelmi tarokkparti" (1895) by Arthur Ferraris, depicting Kálmán Tisza, Mór Jókai, István Nedeczky, and Károly Sváb. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. french-tarot.webp: "Jeu de tarot français à deux têtes" (Tarot Nouveau, 1898-1899) by Baptiste-Paul Grimaud. Collection: Bibliothèque nationale de France. Public Domain via Gallica / Wikimedia Commons.
  17. austrian-konigrufen.webp: Austrian Königrufen card illustration uploaded by Wesalius. CC BY 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. besançon-deck.webp: Structural details of the Tarot de Besançon (Marseille Type-I variant substituting Juno and Jupiter). Historical Text Summary via Wikipedia.
  19. Dummett, Michael, and Sylvia Mann. The Game of Tarot: From Ferrara to Salt Lake City. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1980.
  20. Dummett, Michael. Il Mondo e l’Angelo: I Tarocchi tra Storia e Archetipo. Naples: Bibliopolis, 1993.
  21. Chatto, William Andrew. Facts and Speculations on the Origin and History of Playing Cards. London: John Russell Smith, 1848.

Chapter 3 How to Play Classic Italian Tarocchi

  1. Museo Civico Correr. "Carte da gioco veneziane: Seme di bastoni, coppe, denari, e spade (18th Century Colored Woodcuts)." Prints and Drawings Department Archives. Venice, Italy: Civic Museum Inventory Index, 2012.
  2. Bibliothèque nationale de France. "Le tarot dit de Charles VI ou de Gringonneur: Le Mat (15th Century Miniature Painting)." Manuscript Department, Accession Identification: btv1b10510159t. Paris: Gallica Repository, 2014.
  3. Wüst, Conrad Ludwig. "Court Cards for Tarot Card Games (c. 1900–1920)." Digital Restoration and Corner Indices Reconstruction by James D. Wickson. Wikimedia Commons Open Archive Project, 2018.
  4. Gale Sal. "How to Play Tarocchi." YouTube Video, 14:57. June 20, 2018. https://youtube.com.

Chapter 3 How to Play Classic Italian Tarocchi Images

  1. leyden-players.webp: "Card Players (1525)" by Lucas van Leyden. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  2. court-cards.webp: Court cards for Tarot card games (c. 1900-1920) by Conrad Ludwig Wüst (Restoration and corner indices by James D. Wickson). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  3. long-suits-batons.webp: "Carte da gioco veneziane, seme di bastoni" (18th Century color woodcuts). Collection: Museo Civico Correr, Venice, Italy. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  4. long-suits-swords.webp: "Carte da gioco veneziane, seme di spade" (18th Century color woodcuts). Collection: Museo Civico Correr, Venice, Italy. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  5. round-suits-cups.webp: "Carte da gioco veneziane, seme di coppe" (18th Century color woodcuts). Collection: Museo Civico Correr, Venice, Italy. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  6. round-suits-coins.webp: "Carte da gioco veneziane, seme di denari" (18th Century color woodcuts). Collection: Museo Civico Correr, Venice, Italy. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  7. special-fool.webp: "Le tarot dit de Charles VI" (15th Century Charles VI Deck) by Unknown Artist. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. Gale Sal. (2018, June 20). How to play tarocchi [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=GsyZVBp28Ug

Chapter 4 From Tarocchi to Tarot

  1. Court de Gébelin, Antoine. Monde primitif, analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne. Vol. 8: Du Jeu des Tarots. Paris: Chez l'Auteur, 1781.
  2. Etteilla (Jean-Baptiste Alliette). Le Livre de Thot, ou Haute Magic des anciens Égyptiens. Paris: Chez l'Auteur, 1789.
  3. Lévi, Éliphas (Alphonse Louis Constant). Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie. Paris: Germer Baillière, 1854.
  4. Regardie, Israel. The Golden Dawn: The Original Account of the Teachings, Rites, and Ceremonies of the Hermetic Order. London: Aquarian Press, 1937.
  5. Case, Paul Foster. The Tarot: A Key to the Wisdom of the Ages. Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing Company, 1947.
  6. Jung, Carl Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.
  7. Wen, Benebell. "Master the General Reading (Paul Foster Case, 1947)." YouTube Video, 13:02. April 27, 2019. https://youtu.be/NWnunNCktgY.
  8. mdm-pompadour.webp: "Portrait de Madame de Pompadour (1756)" by François Boucher. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. antoine-gébelin.webp: "Portrait of Antoine Court de Gébelin (1784)" by François Huot (After André Pujos). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. tarot-etteilla.webp: Portrait illustration of Etteilla (1790). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. eliphas-levi.webp: Portrait of Eliphas Lévi (1874) by Charles Revel (Gift of M. Henri Chenevier). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. rose-cross.webp: "The Rose Cross Lamen" (Golden Dawn tradition magical working insignia) uploaded by Fuzzypeg. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. waite-coleman-smith.webp: Arthur Edward Waite and Pamela Colman Smith (Rider-Waite Tarot creators background). Historical Profile via Wikipedia.
  14. jung-subconscious.webp: Portrait of Carl Gustav Jung (circa 1935). Collection: ETH Library. Public Domain Mark via Wikimedia Commons.
  15. tree-life.webp: "Qabalistic Tree of Life" by Alan James Garner. Diagram reflects alternative positioning variations (Emperor on path 28, Star on path 15). CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. Wen, B. (2019, April 27). Master the general reading (Paul Foster Case, 1947) [Video]. YouTube.

Chapter 5 How To Conduct a Modern Spread

  1. Waite, Arthur Edward. The Pictorial Key to the Tarot. London: William Rider & Son, Ltd., 1911.
  2. Esselmont, Brigit. Everyday Tarot: Practical Rituals for Creating Your Ideal Life. Philadelphia: Running Press / Hachette Book Group, 2018.
  3. Jung, Carl Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.
  4. Biddy Tarot. "How to do a 1-card tarot reading – even if you're completely new to tarot." YouTube Video, 11:57. November 1, 2023. https://youtu.be.
  5. Biddy Tarot. "How to do a 3-card tarot reading." YouTube Video, 10:55. March 29, 2023. https://youtube.com.
  6. Biddy Tarot. "The celtic cross tarot spread for beginners." YouTube Video, 12:00. September 12, 2023. https://youtu.be.
  7. one-draw.webp: "Tarot card of The Empress on a purple velvet cloth next to a deck and journal" by Google (2026). AI-generated image.
  8. Biddy Tarot. (2023, November 1). How to do a 1-card tarot reading – even if you're completely new to tarot [Video]. YouTube. youtube.com/watch?v=0P-m9x6Iyo0
  9. three-card.webp: "Three card spread for past present and future" by Google Gemini (October 7, 2026). AI-generated image.
  10. Biddy Tarot. (2023, March 29). How to do a 3-card tarot reading [Video]. YouTube.
  11. ten-card.webp: "Ten card Celtic Cross tarot spread layout" by Google Gemini (October 7, 2026). AI-generated image.
  12. Biddy Tarot. (2023, September 12). The celtic cross tarot spread for beginners [Video]. YouTube.

Chapter 6 Tarot Today

  1. Rorschach, Hermann. Psychodiagnostik: Methodik und Ergebnisse eines wahrnehmungsdiagnostischen Experiments. Bern: Ernst Bircher, 1921.
  2. Jung, Carl Gustav. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol. 9, Part 1. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.
  3. Blake, William. "Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims (Tempera and Ink Painting Archive Catalogue)." Pollok House Collection, Glasgow Museums Index, 2011.
  4. GameMasters. "Ravenloft The Horrors Within Tarokka Deck DEEP DIVE!" YouTube Video, 10:09. June 17, 2026. https://youtu.be.
  5. Tarot and Witchery. "The Hermetic Tarot (Deck Review) Flip Through by Godfrey Dowson." YouTube Video, 03:59. October 29, 2021. https://youtu.be.
  6. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, qui se servant des seuls caractères 0 et 1." Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences Paris: Royal Press, 1703: 85–89.
  7. black-dice.webp: Black polyhedral game dice used for Dungeons and Dragons by Dark Elf Dice. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  8. rws-hanged-man.webp: "The Hanged Man" from the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot Deck by Pamela Colman Smith (1090). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  9. rorschach-inkblots.webp: The ten original Rorschach inkblot test plates (1921) by Hermann Rorschach. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  10. rws-fool.webp: "The Fool" from the Rider-Waite-Smith Tarot Deck by Pamela Colman Smith (1909). Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  11. blake-pilgrims.webp: "Chaucer's Canterbury Pilgrims" (1808 pen and tempera on canvas) by William Blake. Collection: Pollok House, Glasgow. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  12. thoth-tarot.webp: Card examples from the Thoth Tarot Deck layout photographed by Trang Tarot. CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
  13. Tarot and Witchery. (2021, October 29). The Hermetic Tarot (Deck Review) Flip Through by Godfrey Dowson [Video]. YouTube. youtu.be/B64ed48SCv8
  14. GameMasters. (2026, June 17). Ravenloft The Horrors Within Tarokka Deck DEEP DIVE! [Video]. YouTube. youtu.be/QLvhzvZrsY0
  15. binary-system.webp: Historical mathematical manuscript illustrating the binary system by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  16. portrait-leibniz.webp: Portrait of German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz by Christoph Bernhard Francke. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  17. er-diagram.webp: "Entity-Relationship Model diagram" uploaded by Wooptoo. Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons.
  18. neural-network.webp: "A simplified view of an artificial neural network" by Dake and Mysid. CC BY 1.0 via Wikimedia Commons.

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